塔里木河流域城市化与水资源利用关系分析   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

李春丽  杨德刚  张豫芳  乔旭宁  刘佳 《中国沙漠》2010,30(3):730-736

比较分析塔里木河流域1990—2005年城市化水平、用水总量、产业结构、用水效益的变化过程,建立城市化水平与用水效益、用水总量之间的数学关系。结果表明,城市化水平与用水效益呈线性增长关系,随着城市化进程的推进和产业结构的升级,塔里木河流域及各市用水效益都在不断提高;水资源对城市化进程存在明显的约束作用,塔里木河流域的城市化水平与用水总量之间对数增长关系不明显;总结归纳了塔里木河流域城市发展与水资源利用之间初级矛盾、扩张矛盾、适应矛盾、适应协调4个发展阶段特征。今后需调整产业结构,建立集约的水资源利用体系,调整水资源利用与城市发展关系由矛盾状态为适应协调状态,缓解水资源对城市化进程的约束。  相似文献   

风沙运动中MAGNUS效应的数值研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

张树  胡赞远  吕志咏 《中国沙漠》2010,30(3):498-504

在风沙运动中,跃移沙粒一般都会伴随高速旋转,同时引起一种升力效应,即Magnus效应。采用数值模拟的方法计算了0.1Re400,转速ω为100~1000 rev.s-1范围时均匀来流中单个球形沙粒受到的Magnus力,并与Rubinow和Keller推导的Magnus力公式进行了比较。计算结果表明,在0.1Re200范围内,升力和沙粒的旋转速度成正比,随雷诺数的增大而减小。同时,Magnus效应和固定沙粒在均匀来流中的流动结构也有关系,即计算结果和Magnus力公式的升力系数比K在沙粒流动是附体的时随Re数增加逐渐减小,在Re=20~30时达到最小值,然后在沙粒流动是对称分离的时K随着Re数增加逐渐增大。当雷诺数继续增大到超过200时,沙粒本身流动状态非对称所引起的升力超过Magnus效应产生的升力,但Magnus效应的作用也不可以忽略。根据计算结果,对Magnus力公式进行了修正。另外,还发现流场速度梯度与Magnus效应并没有耦合作用,速度梯度对升力的影响可以和Magnus效应线性叠加。  相似文献   

沙漠腹地乔木状沙拐枣对灌水量的生理生态响应   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

梁少民  张希明  曾凡江  张仲伍  邱士可  闫海龙 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1348-1353

对不同灌水量条件下塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地乔木状沙拐枣（Calligonum arborescens Litv）的水分生理、生长和土壤水分进行了动态测定与分析。结果表明:①在35、24.5 kg·株-1·次-1和14 kg·株-1·次-1的灌水量下,土壤水分活跃层分别为:0～200、0～160 cm和0～100 cm。根系区土壤水分为3%～4%条件下,沙拐枣能正常生长,低于2.5%就会受到水分胁迫。②早晨和午后,沙拐枣的水势随着灌溉后时间的增加而降低,前期降幅较大。随着灌水量的减小,其水势降低较快,在14 kg·株-1·次-1处理下,灌溉3 d后早晨水势和午后水势分别达到-1.3 MPa和-2.19 MPa。③随着灌水量的减少沙拐枣的日耗水量急剧减小,液流速率也快速降低,灌溉后第15天,在24.5 kg·株-1·次-1和14 kg·株-1·次-1的灌水量下沙拐枣液流速率都为双峰型曲线,第25天3个处理都呈双峰型曲线。④不同灌水量下,沙拐枣的基径、新枝长度以及新枝直径的年增长量都随着灌水量的减少而减小,方差分析表明灌水量对新枝长度的影响非常显著(P=0.05)。  相似文献   

梭梭幼苗死亡与土壤和大气干旱的关系研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

田媛  李建贵  赵岩 《中国沙漠》2010,30(4):878-884

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙漠中的一年生梭梭幼苗为研究对象,对环境气象因子、土壤含水率、幼苗根系垂直伸展状况、幼苗死亡动态进行了全生长期的连续监测研究。结果表明,尽管梭梭幼苗根系伸展迅速,当年可达1.5 m,幼苗死亡率动态变化仍然与土壤表层含水率显著相关,而与根区或深层含水率不显著相关。但统计分析结果显示,土壤表层含水率并不总是梭梭幼苗死亡率波动的主导因素。当土壤含水率低至0.82%时,无论大气干旱程度如何,幼苗死亡率都急剧升高;而当土壤含水率高于1.25%时,幼苗可以耐受大气干旱,幼苗死亡只与土壤表层含水率显著相关;当土壤含水率在0.82~1.25%之间时,幼苗死亡率与大气干旱程度（空气饱和差）显著相关。据此我们推测,当土壤表层含水率低于1.25%时,大气干旱主导死亡率的变化;反之,则土壤水分主导。  相似文献   

中国城市水土保持研究综述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

曾祥坤  王仰麟  李贵才 《地理科学进展》2010,29(5)

本文系统回顾了10多年来我国城市水土保持研究进展。首先从城市水土保持研究的阶段划分入手,将研究历程分为1995-1999年的问题导向型研究阶段和2000年至今的目标导向型研究阶段,并分析了不同阶段我国城市水土保持研究的重点和特色;其次,根据城市水土保持研究的理论框架从理论基础研究、形成机制研究、状况评价研究、保持措施研究四个方面进行了归纳与总结,另外对相关学科和理论发展也进行了介绍;最后,总结当前城市水土保持研究所存在的问题,提出结合城市土地利用开展基于城市水土保持的功能导向型研究,对未来研究发展的主要趋势和重点问题进行了探讨。  相似文献   

风水复合侵蚀与生态恢复研究进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李秋艳  蔡强国  方海燕 《地理科学进展》2010,29(1)

风水复合侵蚀是风力与水力共同或交替作用相互增强或者削弱的过程。从侵蚀区划分、驱动因素、侵蚀机理和生态恢复对策等方面论述了风水复合侵蚀的研究进展,简述了半干旱风水复合侵蚀区和海岸复合侵蚀区是两个影响最大的风水复合侵蚀区。晋陕蒙接壤区为半干旱风水复合侵蚀区的强烈侵蚀中心,在土地利用上属农牧交错区,生态环境极为脆弱。海岸复合侵蚀岸段分布广泛,侵蚀岸线在总岸线中所占比例较大。影响风水复合侵蚀的因素包括自然和人为因素,且地域差异显著。半干旱区风水复合侵蚀研究主要从侵蚀特点、土壤特性、侵蚀产沙、侵蚀能量研究等方面;海岸复合侵蚀区从侵蚀特征、风暴潮与海岸复合侵蚀关系等方面分析了取得的进展和存在的不足。总结了生物措施和工程措施对风水复合侵蚀区生态恢复的作用,展望了风水复合侵蚀与生态恢复的研究方向,并指出复合侵蚀机理与评估、生态恢复机理与评价研究是今后研究的趋势。  相似文献   

一株南极细菌（Pseudoalteromonas sp.）对模拟海水养殖水体的净化作用          下载免费PDF全文

迟明磊  阚光锋  史翠娟  路来风  林学政  刘胜浩 《极地研究》2010,22(3):313-320

试验选用一株高产低温蛋白酶的南极细菌菌株Pseudoalteromonas sp. AN64,从溶解氧、化学需氧量、氨氮、亚硝态氮、pH值5个方面研究了南极细菌对养殖水体的影响。结果显示,随着饲料中蛋白质的散失,水体中蛋白质的含量在第7天达到高峰,溶解氧下降,化学需氧量持续上升,在第11天达最大值9.88 mg/L,并且维持在较高的水平。缺氧条件下,有害物质氨氮和亚硝态氮含量逐渐增加,在第9天和第11天分别达最大值0.65 mg/L和0.352 mg/L,而pH值持续下降,在第9天达最低值5.95。当水体中加入高产蛋白酶的南极菌株AN64后,蛋白质含量在第5天即达高峰,溶解氧无明显变化,化学需氧量在第7天达最高峰,比对照组提前4天,但含量仅约为后者的一半。同时,氨氮和亚硝态氮含量远低于对照组,分别仅为对照的47.7 %和26.5 %,而pH值有小幅下降,维持在6.85到7.52之间。由此可以看出,南极菌株产生的低温蛋白酶可以有效分解海水中的蛋白质,降低水体中的氨氮和亚硝态氮等有害物质,维持pH值的稳定性,为健康养殖提供了有效途径。  相似文献   

1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李子君  李秀彬  徐志梅 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(6)

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.  相似文献   

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005     

Zijun Li  Xiubin Li  Zhimei Xu 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(6):947-960

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×10⁸, 0.28×10⁸, 1.10×10⁸ and 0.79×10⁸ m³ respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.  相似文献   

塔里木河下游植被生态需水量(英文)   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

叶朝霞  陈亚宁  李卫红 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(2):261-272

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture,groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China,by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots.It is noted that groundwater depth,soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related.It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas.Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth,the total ecological water demand(EWD)of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108m 3in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Analyzing the monthly EWD,we found that the EWD in the growth season(from April to September)is 81%of the year's total EWD.The EWD in May,June and July was 47%of the year's total EWD,which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water.This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.  相似文献